Pro-Government Militias
September 11 Command (Chile)
Basic Group Information
| Name assigned by coder: | no |
| PGM ID Number: | 642 |
| Country: | Chile |
| Date formed: | Sept. 7, 1986 |
| Accuracy of date formed: | year |
| Details of Formation: | The group was first mentioned by news sources on Sept. 13, 1986, when it claimed responsibility for the killing of four persons on Sept. 7, 1986. |
| Date dissolved: | March 11, 1990 |
| Accuracy of date dissolved: | day |
| Details of Termination: | After Pinochet left power, the September 11 Commandos can no longer be classified as pro-government. However, they continued to exist. When former President Allende was reburied in September 1990, the September 11 Commandos staged several bomb attacks on monuments, a shopping centre and a car showroom. |
| Termination Type(s): | change in government |
Former and Successor Group Information
| Predecessor group(s): | none |
| Successor group(s): | none |
| Private Military Company? | no |
| Former Group? | no |
| Former Armed Group? | NA |
| Former Rebel Group? | no |
| Former Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
| PGM Becomes Rebel Group? | no information |
| Successor Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
Government Relation, Support, and Training
| Government Relation: | informal (type 1) |
| Created by the Government?: | unclear | Main Creating Government Institution: | none |
| Government Link(s): | state (institution) |
| If link to party, name of party: | None |
| Training and Equipment: | no information |
| Shared Information and Joint Operations: | yes |
| Shared Personnel: | yes |
| Type(s) of Material Support: | no information |
| State Sponsor(s): | none |
| Other Connection(s): |
Group Characteristics
| Membership: | ideology |
| Primary Membership: | ideological |
| Alternative Primary Membership: | no information |
| Location: | None |
| Force Strength: | [unknown, unknown] |
| Target(s): | unarmed political opposition, government critics; journalists |
| Purpose(s): | protect state, national or religious institutions; protect state, national or religious leader(s) |
Ethnic Characteristics
| Ethnic Target(s): | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Targeting: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Membership: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Membership: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Purpose: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Purpose: | not applicable |
Other Information
| Other Information: | The group’s name refers to the date of the 1973 coup that brought Pinochet to power. |
New Variables from Meta-Analysis
Purpose
| Purpose: | It worked as front for the repressive CNI agency. |
| Relative Benefit(s) of PGM Use | deniability of violence |
Treatment of Civilians
| Treatment of Civilians: | The September 11 Commandos killed four civilians, including a journalist. They called their victims “communists” and said these were retaliation attacks for the failed assassination attempt against Pinochet, carried out by the Manuel Rodriguez Patriotic Front. The death squad has gone unpunished for the killings. |
| Type(s) of Violence against Civilians: | killing |
Reasons for Membership
| PGM Members Coerced? | no information |
| PGM Members Paid? | no information |
| Reasons for Membership: | |
| PGM Members Killed? | no information |
PGM Size
| Size: |
Weapons and Training
| Weapons and Training: | The September 11 Commando used machine guns. |
Organisation
| Organisation: | The September 11 Commando was under the command of police officer America Correa. It was a front for the repressive CNI agency. |
Reference(s) for Meta-Analysis
Evidence
- Examine the evidence for this coding.