Pro-Government Militias
Executive Outcomes (Angola)
Basic Group Information
| Name assigned by coder: | no |
| PGM ID Number: | 53 |
| Country: | Angola |
| Date formed: | May 1, 1991 |
| Accuracy of date formed: | year |
| Details of Formation: | The Executive Outcomes company was founded in 1989 (Wikipedia). The contract, which formed the basis of its presence in Angola, appears to be from 1991. |
| Date dissolved: | Jan. 12, 1996 |
| Accuracy of date dissolved: | day |
| Details of Termination: | Although since 1991 the Angolan government repeatedly announced the cancellation of EO contracts due to international pressure, this only happened in 1996. The Angolan government was pressured by the UN and the US to terminate the contract. EO was then replaced by the UN’s peacekeeping force UNAVEM. EO was eventually dissolved as a company on 31 December 1998 (Wikipedia). |
| Termination Type(s): | government defects |
Former and Successor Group Information
| Predecessor group(s): | none |
| Successor group(s): | none |
| Private Military Company? | yes |
| Former Group? | yes |
| Former Armed Group? | yes |
| Former Rebel Group? | no |
| Former Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
| PGM Becomes Rebel Group? | no |
| Successor Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
Government Relation, Support, and Training
| Government Relation: | semi-official (type 2) |
| Created by the Government?: | no | Main Creating Government Institution: | none |
| Government Link(s): | state (institution) |
| If link to party, name of party: | |
| Training and Equipment: | no |
| Shared Information and Joint Operations: | yes |
| Shared Personnel: | no |
| Type(s) of Material Support: | domestic government |
| State Sponsor(s): | none |
| Other Connection(s): |
Group Characteristics
| Membership: | mercenary; ex soldiers |
| Primary Membership: | noncivilian |
| Alternative Primary Membership: | no information |
| Location: | |
| Force Strength: | [unknown, 500] |
| Target(s): | rebels, insurgents, or other armed group |
| Purpose(s): | protect state, national or religious institutions; protect property and investment |
Ethnic Characteristics
| Ethnic Target(s): | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Targeting: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Membership: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Membership: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Purpose: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Purpose: | not applicable |
Other Information
| Other Information: | Executive Outcomes was a private military company originating in South Africa. |
New Variables from Meta-Analysis
Purpose
| Purpose: | Contracts awarded to Executive Outcomes included training Angolan armed forces, fighting the UNITA rebels (Wikipedia), and provide security for the Soyo oil installations against UNITA attacks. The EO fulfilled its purpose as they are credited with rescuing the Angolan government against UNITA, which lead to a cease fire that ended the Angolan civil war (for a few years) (Wikipedia). Their relative benefit was its highly trained modern army compared to the less professional forces of Angola (Wikipedia). |
| Relative Benefit(s) of PGM Use | unknown |
Treatment of Civilians
| Treatment of Civilians: | |
| Type(s) of Violence against Civilians: | unknown |
Reasons for Membership
| PGM Members Coerced? | no |
| PGM Members Paid? | yes |
| Reasons for Membership: | Members included mercenaries who joined the EO after having been part of other forces. EO also included members from disbanded South African units (Wikipedia). |
| PGM Members Killed? | sometimes |
PGM Size
| Size: | A news source of 1993 suggests that the EO fielded about 500 men in Angola. |
Weapons and Training
| Weapons and Training: | Executive Outcomes was in charge of training the Angolan Armed Forces. It was considered to be a highly trained modern army (Wikipedia). |
Organisation
| Organisation: | The government of Angola contracted the Executive Outcomes (Wikipedia). The contract had initially been for a year but was subsequently extended on a regular basis due to the satisfaction of the Angolan Armed Forces. |
Reference(s) for Meta-Analysis
Evidence
- Examine the evidence for this coding.