Pro-Government Militias
Colina Group (Peru)
Basic Group Information
| Name assigned by coder: | no |
| PGM ID Number: | 303 |
| Country: | Peru |
| Date formed: | Jan. 1, 1988 |
| Accuracy of date formed: | year |
| Details of Formation: | Sources state that the National Intelligence Service created the group. There were allegations that President Fujimori authorised the group. |
| Date dissolved: | Jan. 1, 1994 |
| Accuracy of date dissolved: | year |
| Details of Termination: | The group was terminated with the imprisonment of the 'material authors' - army major and 10 others - of the 2 massacres. However, they (along with over 6,000 other guerillas) were released a year later by an amnesty put in place by Fujimori. |
| Termination Type(s): | government defects |
Former and Successor Group Information
| Predecessor group(s): | none |
| Successor group(s): | none |
| Private Military Company? | no |
| Former Group? | no |
| Former Armed Group? | no |
| Former Rebel Group? | no |
| Former Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
| PGM Becomes Rebel Group? | no |
| Successor Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
Government Relation, Support, and Training
| Government Relation: | informal (type 1) |
| Created by the Government?: | yes | Main Creating Government Institution: | governing party; military |
| Government Link(s): | person/minister |
| If link to party, name of party: | None |
| Training and Equipment: | yes |
| Shared Information and Joint Operations: | no information |
| Shared Personnel: | yes |
| Type(s) of Material Support: | no information |
| State Sponsor(s): | none |
| Other Connection(s): |
Group Characteristics
| Membership: | security forces |
| Primary Membership: | noncivilian |
| Alternative Primary Membership: | no information |
| Location: | Barrios Altos Lima and La Cantuta University |
| Force Strength: | [unknown, unknown] |
| Target(s): | unarmed political opposition, government critics; rebels, insurgents, or other armed group |
| Purpose(s): | protect state, national or religious institutions; self-defense and security; intimidation of civilians |
Ethnic Characteristics
| Ethnic Target(s): | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Targeting: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Membership: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Membership: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Purpose: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Purpose: | not applicable |
Other Information
| Other Information: | Fujimori was put on trial in 2007 for complicity with this group's actions. |
New Variables from Meta-Analysis
Purpose
| Purpose: | The group was formed with the objective to combat supporters and members of the Shining Path. |
| Relative Benefit(s) of PGM Use | unknown |
Treatment of Civilians
| Treatment of Civilians: | The PGM was responsible for a broad range of human rights abuses, such as killings, torture, and disappearances. It was responsible for two massacres, one in 1991 (the Barrios Altos killing, 15 people attending a party in Lima) and in 1992 (9 students and a professor at Enrique Valle y Guzman University). Reports later stated that the government was aware of and tolerated this behaviour. |
| Type(s) of Violence against Civilians: | kidnapping/abductions; killing; torture |
Reasons for Membership
| PGM Members Coerced? | no information |
| PGM Members Paid? | no information |
| Reasons for Membership: | |
| PGM Members Killed? | no information |
PGM Size
| Size: |
Weapons and Training
| Weapons and Training: | Court rulings concluded that the government provided the group with weapons and training. |
Organisation
| Organisation: | The group appears to be centred around President Fujimori and his close circle, and tied to the army and National Intelligence Service. It was allegedly led by Vladimiro Montesinos, the National Intelligence Service chief. In another news source Captain Santiago Martin is reported as leader of the PGM. |
Reference(s) for Meta-Analysis
Evidence
- Examine the evidence for this coding.