Pro-Government Militias

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People's Police (Sudan)

Basic Group Information

Name assigned by coder: no
PGM ID Number: 258
Country: Sudan
Date formed: Nov. 14, 1992
    Accuracy of date formed: month
Details of Formation: In June 1992, Lt-Gen Awad Khawjali, General Commandant of the police forces issued a decree to form a committee to study the idea of establishing a popular police force and how such a force might function and which role it would fulfill. In November 1992, al-Bashir, then Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council and the Council of Ministers mentioned the People’s Police in speech. By then, the People’s Police Law had recently been approved by the Council of Ministers.
Date dissolved: Unknown
    Accuracy of date dissolved: day
Details of Termination: There is no evidence that this PGM was terminated. It was last mentioned as active in 2012, with no evidence for 2013 or 2014.
Termination Type(s): not terminated

Former and Successor Group Information

Predecessor group(s): none
Successor group(s): none
Private Military Company? no
Former Group? no
    Former Armed Group? no
Former Rebel Group? no
    Former Rebel Group UCDP ID: none
PGM Becomes Rebel Group? no
    Successor Rebel Group UCDP ID: none

Government Relation, Support, and Training

Government Relation: semi-official (type 2)
Created by the Government?: yes
    Main Creating Government Institution: state (institution)
Government Link(s): state (institution)
    If link to party, name of party: None
Training and Equipment: yes
Shared Information and Joint Operations: yes
Shared Personnel: no
Type(s) of Material Support: domestic government
State Sponsor(s): none
Other Connection(s):

Group Characteristics

Membership: religious; adolescents
Primary Membership: religious
Alternative Primary Membership: no information
Location: Khartoum, Eastern Sudan, Southern Sudan (e.g., Upper Nile, Eastern Equatoria, Central Equatoria), Darfur
Force Strength: [5000, 40000]
Target(s): unarmed political opposition, government critics; rebels, insurgents, or other armed group
Purpose(s): protect state, national or religious institutions; self-defense and security

Ethnic Characteristics

Ethnic Target(s): none
    Quality of Information for Ethnic Targeting: not applicable
Ethnic Membership: none
    Quality of Information for Ethnic Membership: not applicable
Ethnic Purpose: none
    Quality of Information for Ethnic Purpose: not applicable

Other Information

Other Information: The People's Police is alternatively called Popular Police Force (PPF), United People's Police (UPP) and sometimes "mujahidin".

New Variables from Meta-Analysis

Purpose

Purpose: The main purpose of the People’s Police was to support the regular police and preserve security. Additionally, it should propagate Islamic values and contribute to establishing a Muslim society. It was built to be the police counterpart to the army linked Popular Defence Forces, which were considered a success. Since 2002, the People’s Police were also used by the government to assist the army against the SPLM/A rebels. While the government officially said that the People’s Police was a neighbourhood watch, foreign diplomats rather suggest that they were used to check on the regular police. A news source form 1992 suggests that the People’s Police should compensate the lack of manpower of the regular police.
Relative Benefit(s) of PGM Use faster mobilization; loyalty

Treatment of Civilians

Treatment of Civilians: The French military attaché in Sudan, Jacques Francois, commended the People’s Police as a social body to protect civilians for their combating crime.
Type(s) of Violence against Civilians: unknown

Reasons for Membership

PGM Members Coerced? no information
PGM Members Paid? no information
Reasons for Membership:
PGM Members Killed? sometimes

PGM Size

Size: In 1993 alone, 120 stations of the People’s Police were established in Khartoum. A news source from 1996 mentions that 5,000 people’s policemen were trained. The responsible coordinator stated that training would continue until 40,000 people were trained to become members of the People’s Police. In 2006, Abdallah Muhammad, then general coordinator of the People’s Police said he could send further fighters to Darfur were already 9,000 worked.

Weapons and Training

Weapons and Training: Recruits for the People’s Police were trained in training camps organized by the group’s general coordinating office.

Organisation

Organisation: The People’s Police was formalized in the Police Force Act of 1992, which outlined their duties and obligations. Their main duties were to patrol residential areas and markets, protect the environment and to act as civil defense in the event of disasters, as well as any other duty entrusted to it. They were not a substitute for the regular police. Members enjoyed immunity granted to the police. It was organized by a coordinating office. In 1996, the general coordinator was Muhammad Hatim, in 2006 it was Abdallah Muhammad and in 2012 it was Hashim Muhammad Nur. In 2002, when People’s Police were sent to fight in Darfur, Defence Minister Bekri Hassan Salih, Interior Minister Abdel Rahim Mohamed Hussein and senior police officials saw them off at their departure. President Bashir mentioned the People’s Police in several speeches. In 2012, general coordinator Hashim Muhammad Nur reported to the interior minister that the People’s Police was ready to be mobilized, which might point to an organizational structure involving the interior ministry.

Reference(s) for Meta-Analysis

Information was taken from news sources listed in the PGMD

Evidence