Pro-Government Militias
Ikhwan-ul-Muslimoon (India)
Basic Group Information
| Name assigned by coder: | no |
| PGM ID Number: | 220 |
| Country: | India |
| Date formed: | Jan. 1, 1994 |
| Accuracy of date formed: | year |
| Details of Formation: | The former insurgents turned counter-insurgents. The group became pro-government when its leader started working with the army in 1994 and the PGM was designated 'special police officers.' |
| Date dissolved: | Aug. 19, 2013 |
| Accuracy of date dissolved: | year |
| Details of Termination: | The PGM had its peak concerning activity and membership in the 1990s. There are no more group activities reported after the mid-2000s. Apparently the group was re-activated in early 2010 through the Union Home Ministry and carried out attacks on protesters later that year. After these incidences there are no more reports, but in 2013 it is reported, without any details, that the group was disbanded. |
| Termination Type(s): | government defects |
Former and Successor Group Information
| Predecessor group(s): | none |
| Successor group(s): | none |
| Private Military Company? | no |
| Former Group? | yes |
| Former Armed Group? | yes |
| Former Rebel Group? | yes |
| Former Rebel Group UCDP ID: | 325 |
| PGM Becomes Rebel Group? | no |
| Successor Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
Government Relation, Support, and Training
| Government Relation: | semi-official (type 2) |
| Created by the Government?: | no | Main Creating Government Institution: | none |
| Government Link(s): | military (institution) |
| If link to party, name of party: | None |
| Training and Equipment: | no |
| Shared Information and Joint Operations: | yes |
| Shared Personnel: | no |
| Type(s) of Material Support: | domestic government; military |
| State Sponsor(s): | none |
| Other Connection(s): | Special Operations Group (SOG) |
Group Characteristics
| Membership: | ethnic; former rebels |
| Primary Membership: | other |
| Alternative Primary Membership: | no information |
| Location: | Kashmir |
| Force Strength: | [300, 3500] |
| Target(s): | civilians; rebels, insurgents, or other armed group |
| Purpose(s): | protect state, national or religious institutions; protect national borders and integrity; intelligence gathering |
Ethnic Characteristics
| Ethnic Target(s): | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Targeting: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Membership: | Kashmiri Muslims |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Membership: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Purpose: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Purpose: | not applicable |
Other Information
| Other Information: | The PGM is also referred to as 'pro-government security group,' 'pro-India militant group,' 'counter insurgency group,' 'surrendered militants' and 'renegades'. Leaders and other group members became active in regional politics through the foundation of the party ‘Awami League’. The group’s primary membership consists of former rebels. |
New Variables from Meta-Analysis
Purpose
| Purpose: | The group was mainly intended to assist the armed forces and collect information for the military, supporting its counter-insurgency operations. It was also used to combat terrorism. |
| Relative Benefit(s) of PGM Use | knowledge |
Treatment of Civilians
| Treatment of Civilians: | The group killed civilians, kidnapped opponents, injured protestors, and was accused of other crimes and human rights abuses. |
| Type(s) of Violence against Civilians: | kidnapping/abductions; killing; beating |
Reasons for Membership
| PGM Members Coerced? | no information |
| PGM Members Paid? | yes |
| Reasons for Membership: | It is reported that members profited from extortion of the local population. |
| PGM Members Killed? | sometimes |
PGM Size
| Size: | The group reached its peak with 3,500 members in 1994, which then decreased to between 300 and 500 in 2003. |
Weapons and Training
| Weapons and Training: | As the PGM was formerly an insurgent group, the government let members keep their guns. |
Organisation
| Organisation: | The group was financed by the state and under the control of the army. It was linked to the military through the Special Operations Group. Prior to 1996 it was led by its founder Mohammed Yusuf (or Kukkay Parrey), who was killed in 2003. The PGM has been described as loosely organised. |
Reference(s) for Meta-Analysis
Evidence
- Examine the evidence for this coding.