United Liberation Movement for Democracy - Kromah (ULIMO-K) (Liberia)
Basic Group Information
| Name assigned by coder: |
no
|
| PGM ID Number: |
16
|
| Country: |
Liberia |
| Date formed: |
Sept. 1, 1995 |
| Accuracy of date formed: |
month
|
| Details of Formation: |
This group was formed around 1989 to 1991 at the outbreak of civil war as the United Liberation Movement for Democracy by former Liberian government officials and army officers. It became known as ULIMO-K when one faction split under the leadership of Johnson and formed a separate group, ULIMO -J. We consider the group being pro-government when its leader became part of the interim transitional ruling council with 5 other warlords in august 1995. |
| Date dissolved: |
Aug. 2, 1996 |
| Accuracy of date dissolved: |
month
|
| Details of Termination: |
The group disarmed in August 1996; disarmament seemed to have been a precondition for the elections. Leader Kromah lost in the Presidential election of July 1997 and group ceased to be pro-government. |
| Termination Type(s): |
disarmed
|
Former and Successor Group Information
| Predecessor group(s): |
none
|
| Successor group(s): |
none
|
| Private Military Company? |
no |
| Former Group? |
yes |
| Former Armed Group? |
yes |
| Former Rebel Group? |
yes |
| Former Rebel Group UCDP ID: |
696 |
| PGM Becomes Rebel Group? |
yes |
| Successor Rebel Group UCDP ID: |
696 |
Government Relation, Support, and Training
| Government Relation: |
informal (type 1) |
| Created by the Government?: |
no |
Main Creating Government Institution: |
none
|
| Government Link(s): |
person/minister
|
| If link to party, name of party: |
None |
| Training and Equipment: |
no information |
| Shared Information and Joint Operations: |
no information |
| Shared Personnel: |
no information |
| Type(s) of Material Support: |
plunder and loot
|
| State Sponsor(s): |
none
|
| Other Connection(s): |
|
Group Characteristics
Ethnic Characteristics
| Ethnic Target(s): |
none
|
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Targeting: |
not applicable
|
| Ethnic Membership: |
Mandingo (Liberia)
|
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Membership: |
given
|
| Ethnic Purpose: |
none
|
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Purpose: |
not applicable
|
Other Information
| Other Information: |
This group fought alongside National Patriotic Front of Liberia against the ULIMO-J militia uprising (March/April 1996). The group (ULIMO) was initially formed in Sierra Leone in 1991. It comprised former Liberian government officials and army with allegiance to the former President Doe who was ousted in the 1989 coup. It was accused of using child soldiers. |
New Variables from Meta-Analysis
Purpose
| Purpose: |
The militia was used to fight rebels during the civil war. They also fought the rival ULIMO-J faction. |
| Relative Benefit(s) of PGM Use |
unknown
|
Treatment of Civilians
| Treatment of Civilians: |
The PGM was accused of human rights violations and of terrorising the population. |
| Type(s) of Violence against Civilians: |
killing
|
Reasons for Membership
| PGM Members Coerced? |
no information |
| PGM Members Paid? |
no information |
| Reasons for Membership: |
Membership based on Mandingo ethnicity. |
| PGM Members Killed? |
no information |
PGM Size
Weapons and Training
Organisation
| Organisation: |
The militia was led by Kromah, who consulted with the president. |
Reference(s) for Meta-Analysis
Wikipedia. “United Liberation Movement of Liberia for Democracy” https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=United_Liberation_Movement_of_Liberia_for_Democracy&oldid=706650046
Evidence
