Pro-Government Militias
Kadre (Philippines)
Basic Group Information
| Name assigned by coder: | no |
| PGM ID Number: | 155 |
| Country: | Philippines |
| Date formed: | Jan. 1, 1987 |
| Accuracy of date formed: | year |
| Details of Formation: | Kadre was first mentioned in 1987. |
| Date dissolved: | Jan. 1, 1989 |
| Accuracy of date dissolved: | year |
| Details of Termination: | News sources report human-rights violations committed between 1987 and 1989. We have no evidence whether Kadre was active after 1989. |
| Termination Type(s): | unclear |
Former and Successor Group Information
| Predecessor group(s): | none |
| Successor group(s): | none |
| Private Military Company? | no |
| Former Group? | unclear |
| Former Armed Group? | no information |
| Former Rebel Group? | no |
| Former Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
| PGM Becomes Rebel Group? | no |
| Successor Rebel Group UCDP ID: | none |
Government Relation, Support, and Training
| Government Relation: | informal (type 1) |
| Created by the Government?: | no | Main Creating Government Institution: | none |
| Government Link(s): | military (institution) |
| If link to party, name of party: | None |
| Training and Equipment: | yes |
| Shared Information and Joint Operations: | yes |
| Shared Personnel: | no information |
| Type(s) of Material Support: | military; drugs |
| State Sponsor(s): | none |
| Other Connection(s): | Kadre’s leader, Alcover, has connections to the Canadian Christian Anti-Communism Crusade which provides him with literature that Alcover uses to educate his Kadre members and gave Alcover the opportunity to travel the USA giving speeches. |
Group Characteristics
| Membership: | ideology |
| Primary Membership: | ideological |
| Alternative Primary Membership: | no information |
| Location: | Cebu |
| Force Strength: | [unknown, 2000] |
| Target(s): | civilians; rebels, insurgents, or other armed group |
| Purpose(s): | fight insurgents |
Ethnic Characteristics
| Ethnic Target(s): | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Targeting: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Membership: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Membership: | not applicable |
| Ethnic Purpose: | none |
| Quality of Information for Ethnic Purpose: | not applicable |
Other Information
| Other Information: | Kadre is also known as Armed Anti-Communist Vigilante Movement for Democratic Reforms or Kalihukan sa Demokratikong Reporma. It is part of the National Alliance for Democracy (another PGM). Kadre was backed by local mine owners and was involved in strike-breaking and marijuana growing. |
New Variables from Meta-Analysis
Purpose
| Purpose: | Kadre was part of Aquino’s “total war policy” which used local residents to fight the guerillas. |
| Relative Benefit(s) of PGM Use | unknown |
Treatment of Civilians
| Treatment of Civilians: | One news paper reports that there were over 100 cases of human-rights violations committed by Kadre between 1987 and 1989. Another news source mentions a case where vigilantes, alongside soldiers, came to a sociology professor’s home, pulled her hair and beat her husband. |
| Type(s) of Violence against Civilians: | beating |
Reasons for Membership
| PGM Members Coerced? | no information |
| PGM Members Paid? | no information |
| Reasons for Membership: | |
| PGM Members Killed? | rarely |
PGM Size
| Size: | Kadre claimed having 2,000 members. |
Weapons and Training
| Weapons and Training: | Kadre was reportedly armed by the military. |
Organisation
| Organisation: | Kadre was lead by Pastor (Jun) Alcover, a radio announcer who claims to be a former leader in the Communist Party of the Philippines and its guerrilla force. Kadre was reportedly supervised by the military. |
Reference(s) for Meta-Analysis
Evidence
- Examine the evidence for this coding.